Friday, April 24, 2009

Article Street » Finance » Investing » How To Select Mutual Funds

If you are new to investing, you may have heard of mutual funds but do not know exactly what they are or how to select the right one. A mutual fund is a collective investment security, and there are many different types. It may consist of a mix of several different types of investment vehicles, such as stocks, bonds, or derivatives, or it may consist of nothing but stocks that are part of a certain sector of the economy, or it could be just bonds.

For example, there are mutual funds that consist of nothing but technology stocks. There are also funds that are comprised of stocks that have a similar market capitalization (such as mid-cap funds, large-cap funds, or small-cap funds). And some might contain several different types of securities (such as stocks, bonds, etc.) that all fall within the same risk classification (high-risk, medium-risk, low-risk).

Just like stocks, mutual funds have a price per share, also known as the Net Asset Value (NAV). The NAV is calculated by dividing the total value of the fund divided by the number of shares outstanding. As with stocks, the price fluctuates on a daily basis and it can be sold just like any other security.

When deciding what fund to invest in, you need to consider your investment goals. Are you looking for long-term capital appreciation, or would you prefer to receive immediate income from your investment? You also need to evaluate your risk tolerance. Are you willing to take a chance on a speculative fund to potentially receive a better return, or is capital preservation a high priority?

If capital preservation is your goal, then you should consider a mutual fund that consists of low risk equities and conservative bond and money market instruments. If you want a mix of investments, then you should look for a balanced fund. If you want explosive capital appreciation, then you should consider a high-risk common stock or high-yielding bond fund.

They are different than stocks when it comes to fees and expenses. As with stocks, funds are subject to capital gains taxes. But a fund is sometimes subject to a front-end and/or back-end load. If there is a front-end load, that means that a percentage of the initial investment is automatically deducted to pay for commissions to the fund. If there is a back-end load, the investor must pay a fee when the security is sold.

Also, there is a 12b-1 fee that is often deducted to pay for advertising expenses incurred for the marketing of the fund to the public. Sometimes there is no 12b-1 fee, it depends. Investors might be unaware of the 12b-1 fee because it is sometimes deducted from the share price, so in a way, it is an invisible fee.

I hope this introduction to mutual funds will help you make some decisions regarding your investments. There are literally thousands of different funds available, and brokerage houses often have their own set of funds that they create for sale to their customers. Talk to your broker and see if he or she can help you identify the best investment vehicle for you. Just make sure you review the fee structure of the mutual fund you are interested in before you invest.

Article Source: http://www.ArticleStreet.com/

Monday, March 9, 2009

Call and Put Option: Option Trading Basic Fundamental Theory

It is very common that stock is transacted in blocks divisible by 100, which is called a round lot. A round lot has become a standard trading unit on the public exchanges for quite sometime ago. In stock market, we have the right to buy and sell an unlimited number of shares as long as there are people are willing to sell and we are willing to buy at the price that the seller has fixed. Usually, for a brokerage firm, they set their commission for a transaction for minimum 100 units of share at a certain price. If we buy less than 100 units of share, they still impose us this commission. For an example, if we buy 100 units share and pay the brokerage firm USD 30 for the buy and sell transactions, they also charge us that amount: USD 30 also, if we only buy and sell 1 units of share. The amount of commission that the brokerage firm charges for the stock transaction is varied from one and other. Some brokerage firm may charge less but they require you to trade a lot in one transaction. So, each unit of option is representing 100 units of share.

In fact, there are two types of options that are call and put option. Call option gives its owner the right to buy 100 units of share of a company at a specified price that has been agreed between the call option owner and the seller within certain period of time. So, within this period of time, if the stock price goes up, the call option price will also go up and vice versa. The second type of option is put option. This option gives its owner the right to sell 100 units of share of a company at a specified price that has been agreed between the put option owner and the seller within certain period of time. Put option seems like the opposite of call option. If the stock price goes up within this period of time, the put option price will go down. Either call or put option can be bought or sold. As long as there are people willing to sell, there will be people willing to buy. There are four permutations that are possible exist during the transaction of an option. The first one is buying a call option meaning that buy the right for yourself to buy 100 units of share. Second is selling call option meaning that sell the right to buy 100 units share from you to someone else. The third one is buying a put option meaning that buy the right for yourself to sell 100 units of shares. The last one is selling a put option meaning that sell the right to sell 100 units of share to you to someone else.

The other way to make these differences clearer is always remember that the call option buyer hopes the stock price will go up and the put option buyer looking for the price per share to fall. For the opposite side, a call option seller is hoping the stock price will maintain or fall. Whereas, put option seller is hoping that the stock price will go up. If the option buyer no matter dealing with the calls or puts option is correctly predicting the price movement of the stock, then they will gain profit from their action. For option, there is another obstacle we have to face besides estimating the direction of the stock price movement. This obstacle is that the change of the stock price has to be taken place before the deadline of the option. As a stockholder, we may be able to predict a stock's long-term prospects by waiting for a long-term change of the stock. However, for option holder, we may not have that kind of opportunity. This is because options are finite; they will lose all their value within a short period of time, usually within a few months. However, it has long-term options that can last up to one to three years. Due to this limitation, time will be an important factor to determine whether an option buyer can earn a profit or not.

Foremost, option is granting the buyer an intangible right to buy or sell 100 units of share at an agreed price between the buyer and seller of the option. Therefore, option is just an agreement regarding to 100 units of share of a specific stock and to a specific price per share. Therefore, if the buyer buys an option at the wrong timing, then, the buyer will not able to make any profit. Wrong timing means that the stock price does not move or does not move substantially when the deadline has arrived. When we buy a call option, it seems like we are agreeing that we are willing to pay the price that being asked to acquire a contractual right. The right provided that we may buy 100 units of share of stock at a specified fixed price per share, and this right exists at the time we purchased the option until the deadline of the option. Within the time we purchased the option until the deadline of the option, if the stock price goes up more than the fixed price indicated in the option agreement, this call option will become more valuable. Just think that we buy a call option that granting us the right to buy 100 units of shares at the price of USD 70 per share. Let said before the option deadline, the stock price has gone up to USD 90 per share. As an owner of this call option, we have the right to buy 100 units of share at USD 70, which is USD 20 less than the current market price. This is the situation when stock market price is more than the fixed contractual price indicated in the call option contract. In this example, we as buyer would have the right to buy 100 units share, which is USD 20 less than current market price. Although we own the right to do so, we may unnecessarily to execute our right. For an example, how about if the stock price has gone down to USD 50. We would not have to buy shares at the fixed price of USD 70 and we could select not to take any action.

Author : Alexchong
http://www.articleclick.com/Article/Call-and-Put-Option-Option-Trading-Basic-Fundamental-Theory/1057463

Investing in Utilities

There was a time in our recent history that investing in utility stocks was like opening up a pass book savings account. Today, the investor needs to be more cognizant of the companies compliance with various regulations and their current stance on applying new and efficient technology. The increase in demand and a need for power plants and distribution has placed a burden on the utilities sector.

Some utility companies employ a combination of energy producing resources. Some rely on coal, hydro electrical plants and the occasional nuclear plant. Many rely on their natural gas reserves and electricity contracts with their producers to provide power to their customers. In effect the utility is a reseller of power sources.

Investing in Public Utility Companies:

Some good work horse utility companies are on the stock market. In seeking out the security of a public utility stock you may be interested in dividends. For some investors the utility is a relatively secure method of investing for the long term and part of a retirement plan.

One example of a good utility stock is American Electric Power Company. It trades on the NYSE under the stock ticker AEP. This is a public utility holding company that transmits, generates and distributes power to a variety of utility companies. Some of these utility companies are cooperatives, municipal power companies and smaller utility companies.

AEG is a 17.7 billion dollar market cap company. It has been a consistent performer for over 30 years and its major institutional investors read like a who's who on Wall Street. It is better than 93 percent of all stocks listed on the S& P 500. The stock is a consistent performer and sells in the range of $40 to $51 for the last year. In November, 2006 the price was in the high $30 range, but has moved to the $40 ranges in recent months. It consistently issues a small dividend. It currently sells for $44.48 a share and should rise to its first target of $49 with ease.

There are other holding companies that may be of interest to the investor with a desire to invest in utilities. Duke Power that trades under the stock ticker DUK is a multi billion dollar company. Another l00 year old company is Constellation Energy Group in Baltimore, Maryland. The significant aspect of investing in power companies is whether the company is in compliance with various regulations pertaining to clean air and water. The cost to update facilities is costly. Most of the major players in power have already commenced updating their facilities.

Investing in Diversified Utility Companies:

There are some very good diversified utility companies that are consistent performers. Wisconsin Power & Electric trades on the NYSE as WEP. This company is a consistent performer and recently provide a large credit to its customers. It has a 5.9 billion market capitalization. The company is owned by some of the biggest funds in the country. It sells for $44 and has a mean target of $50.

Two other good good diversified utility companies are Integrys Energy Group stock ticker TEG and Alliant Energy that trades under the ticker LNT. There is a price difference in the companies, but both utilities are multi-billion dollar companies. Both have a blue ribbon groups of institutional investors.

All of the utility companies listed require some analysis to determine if the company fits your investment portfolio. The utility sector has some pressure due to world wide considerations and the demand of end users. The key is if the company is poised for future growth by enhancing its infrastructure and distribution methods.

Author : Elmo
http://www.articleclick.com/Article/Investing-in-Utilities/938554

Option Rollouts - Add Profits And Safeguards To Your Option Positions

For those who have not yet discovered the benefits of rolling out options, it's high time you look closely at this very valuable feature. Roll outs not only offer additional profit generating advantages but more importantly it offers an extraordinary ability for limiting or eliminating potential losing positions. Before going on to describe the remarkable benefits of using the rollout process let's be sure we understand what is meant by rolling out an option. It is simply the closing of one option position and the opening of another position either farther away in strike price or farther away in expiration date, or both, with the objective of making an existing condition more beneficial to you.

There are many situations where option rollouts may be used. For purposes of this article, being limited in scope, I will just touch on two of the more practical uses of the rollout process. The first is the benefits it gives the covered call player. The second is the remarkable ability of the rollout feature to offer protection against the potential for loss that faces the naked option writer.

How does a roll out benefit the covered call player? Consider this scenario: you own 500 shares in a company which you originally bought some time back at a price of $50. Assuming the market has recently gone on an uptrend and your stock has now appreciated to $60. You are tempted to sell and take in profits from your investment. At the same time you don't want to miss out on any further upward movement the stock may take in the face of what appears to be a strengthening market. Yet you are also afraid that the market might reverse direction and you could then lose some of the profits you've already achieved. Selling call options against your stock enables you to participate in any future appreciation of your stock, and the profits generated from the option sale provides some protection if the market should change direction forcing you to exit your position. If the stock continues rising and hits the strike price at which you sold the calls, you are faced with two nice choices. Let the option holder call the option (exercise his right to buy the stock at the strike price you sold it for) or, roll out the options to a farther expiration and strike price once again allowing you to participate in further gains if the stock continues its upward trend. If you let your options be called you have gained not only the money from the option sale but also from the appreciation price of the stock at the time the option is called. But if you roll out the calls you could continue to stay in the game for a further appreciation in the value of your stocks. Of course there is always the potential of a market reversal and losing the potential for further appreciation. Even so you still have gained the premium money you obtained in the sale of the calls. If the market continues uptrending you can ride the appreciation wave by rolling out your positions several times up to and until you run out of future strike prices. By this time you would have gained substantial profits.

Now let's see how the roll out benefits the naked option writer. When you sell a naked option, be it call or put, you theoretically face the risk of unlimited losses in your position due to the fact that if the underlying security moves against you the potential for loss is unlimited. The term “theoretical risk" is used here because this risk has been blown out of proportion and grossly exaggerated. While the potential risk of loss does exist it's a negligible one if you employ appropriate strategies to defeat it. Please see another article on this subject entitled “Risk of 'Unlimited Loses' In Naked Option Selling Is A Myth" where it talks about this theoretical risk being totally controllable using proper defensive strategies. One of the defensive strategies mentioned in that article is the use of roll outs.

Here's a scenario that may face an option writer. Let us suppose you sold naked puts several strikes out-of-the-money with expiration forty to sixty days away. Some time during its life the market turns against you and begins to drop down to the price level of the strike you sold. Many option traders would just close out the position buying back the puts at a higher price and taking a loss. You being the smart trader would roll out your puts by buying them back at the now higher price and at the same time sell new puts farther out in time and several strikes out-of-the-money at a higher price than you bought back your puts. You've just converted your original 40 or 60 day puts into longer expiration puts thereby avoiding taking a loss at this point in time. The process of closing and opening positions can be done as a spread trade and in this way you are paying reduced brokers commissions. If the market continues its downward trend you can also keep rolling out your positions repeatedly till you reach a point where there are no more available future options to roll out to. At this point your puts may be so far out in the future that even if it goes deep in the money chances of it being exercised are slim. There is an e-book written on this subject titled “Stock Options: The Greatest Wealth Building Tool Ever Invented" where the roll out process is described in much detail together with other protective strategies for naked option traders. The e-book contains numerous actual trading illustrations of the use of the roll out process. See this article's author profile for more information.

If you are going to be an option trader or already are one, rolling out is a must strategy in many of your option trades. You will find the strategy highly rewarding and in many cases offers a wide variety of choices to your trading styles. Not only does it enable you to increase your trading profitability but more importantly it affords you the ability to protect your trade positions against certain adverse conditions. As this article is written today, we are in the midst of a financial crises as never seen in a long time. The stock market has now depreciated to panic lows with investors seeing the value of their investments evaporate into thin air. Yet for many option traders extensively using the roll out process they will weather the storm much better than others and they will certainly recover much faster when economic conditions turn for the better.

Author : Danny
http://www.articleclick.com/Article/Option-Rollouts-Add-Profits-And-Safeguards-To-Your-Option-Positions/1051027

What is a REIT?

The acronym for a real estate investment trust is a REIT. According to the National Institute of Real Estate Investment Trusts 190 Re Its are currently registered with the SEC and trade on one or more of the New York Stock Exchanges. There are over 900 REITS that are privately held companies.

The advantage to the investor in the REIT is the source of income it provides. Specifically, due to the structure of the REIT it does not accrue corporate tax, instead it returns all of the taxable income to investors. The investor receives a 1099 form for tax purposes and it is therefore taxed like additional income.

The REIT can be designed to fit almost any scenario available in the real property world. It can play the upside and the downside and provide hybrid type coverage. Primarily the REIT is composed of commercial property including shopping malls, apartment complexes and income producing property. It also is packaged with residential real estate of a particular type.

The influence of the REIT has seen increased interests to investors for providing income and a compliment to their portfolio of stocks and bonds. Because of the intricacies of the real estate market and commercial property in particular the investor should consult with a qualified REIT broker or investment advisor. Lists of REITs are available through Morningstar or may be reviewed on-line at the National Institute of Real Estate Investment Trusts.

Troubled waters can be avoided:

The current Summer and Fall 2007 concerns about real estate mortgages and a slow down in some United States real estate markets does not mean the REIT investment is in jeopardy.

There are certain REITS in the United States that are hybrids that afford the investor with security in good times and troubling areas of the market.

It should also be remembered that REITs are available for nearly all of the world real estate markets. In many parts of the world, China, Asia, Europe and Dubai the real estate market in both commercial and residential income property is sizzling. There is stability in these parts of the world for some hefty returns for investors.

Purpose:

The overall purpose of the REIT envisioned by the U.S. Congress was to provide a means for investors and in turn the developers of real estate to mutually benefit from growth. It places the average investor in a position of being a big player with the benefit of a share of the profits. A small investment in a REIT can enhance a portfolio of stocks and bonds. Each investment dollar goes into enhancing or creating the availability of funds for building realty.

Due to the nature of the REIT, it must be organized and structured according to strict guidelines. The SEC guidelines apply to those REITS public traded on the New York Stock Exchange and governs those REITS listed with the exchange. Privately held REITS must comply with IRS standards and other state and federal laws pertaining to trusts.

The REIT is an investment that any investor should consider and review the merits with a trusted financial planner with the expertise in the REIT market world wide.

Author : Elmo
http://www.articleclick.com/Article/What-is-a-REIT-/938567